Indications 

Hydrochlorothiazide is indicated for the management of hypertension, with the aim of mitigating the risk of cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, and renal disorders. Hydrochlorothiazide, classified as a diuretic, prompts diuresis, thus promoting the excretion of excess sodium and fluid from the body.  

In addition to reducing edema arising from various etiologies such as cardiac, hepatic or renal ailments, it also alleviates associated manifestations such as dyspnea and peripheral edema. 

Uses and Dosage 

The prescribed method of administering this medication is orally, as per the guidelines provided by your physician. Generally, it is taken once daily, preferably in the morning, with or without food.  

Avoid consuming this drug too close to bedtime as it may lead to an increase in the frequency of urination during sleep. Take this medication at least four hours before retiring for the day. 

The appropriate dosage of this medication is determined based on your medical history and individual response to treatment. To ensure maximum benefit, take this medication regularly and at the same time each day. Even if your symptoms alleviate, continue taking this medication. 

In case you are taking medications such as bile acid-binding resins like cholestyramine or colestipol to lower cholesterol levels, consume hydrochlorothiazide at least 4 hours before or after a time gap of 4 to 6 hours post the ingestion of these drugs. 

Side Effects 

Allergic Reactions

In case of signs of an allergic reaction or severe skin reaction, seek emergency medical assistance immediately. Symptoms of allergic reactions include: 

• Hives 
• Difficulty breathing 
• Facial or throat swelling 
• Symptoms of severe skin reactions include: 
• Skin pain  
• Fever 
• Sore throat 
• Burning eyes 
• The appearance of red or purple rashes with blistering and peeling 

Severe Side Effects

Contact your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following symptoms: 

• Light-headedness 
• Vision problems or eye pain 
• Jaundice, indicated by yellowing of the skin or eyes 
• Easy bruising, pale skin, or unusual bleeding (from the nose, mouth, vagina, or rectum) 
• Chest pain, cough with foamy mucus, shortness of breath, or wheezing 
• Signs of dehydration, such as:
  • Feeling excessively thirsty or hot
  • Heavy sweating
  • Inability to urinate
  • Hot and dry skin 
• Signs of electrolyte imbalance, including:
  • Muscle pain
  • Leg cramps
  • Irregular heartbeats
  • Constipation
  • Vomiting
  • Increased thirst or urination
  • Confusion
  • Bone pain
  • Lack of energy
  • Tingling sensation 

Common Side Effects 

• Weakness 
• Sensation of faintness 
• Nausea and vomiting, along with severe pain in the upper abdomen that spreads to the back 
• Symptoms of anemia, such as:
  • Tiredness
  • Mouth or skin sores
  • Easy bruising
  • Unusual bleeding
  • Pale skin
  • Cold hands and feet
  • Feeling light-headed
  • Experiencing shortness of breath 
• Electrolyte imbalance 

Caution 

Prior to taking hydrochlorothiazide, inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have any allergies to this medication or any other substances. The inactive ingredients found in some brands, like sulfites, may cause allergic reactions or other issues.  

Before using this medication, discuss your medical history with your doctor or pharmacist, especially if you have any of the following conditions:  

• Diabetes 
• Gout 
• Kidney disease 
• Liver disease 
• Lupus 
• Skin cancer 

This medication may cause dizziness. Avoid driving, operating machinery, or performing activities that require alertness until it is safe to do so. Limit alcohol consumption and discuss marijuana use with your doctor. 

This medication may result in decreased potassium levels. Consult with your doctor regarding high potassium foods such as bananas or orange juice or using a salt substitute containing potassium. A potassium supplement may be prescribed by your doctor. 

Use of this medication may increase sensitivity to the sun, leading to an increased risk for skin cancer, especially during long-term use. Limit sun exposure, avoid tanning beds and sun lamps, and use sunscreen and protective clothing when outdoors. Notify your doctor immediately if you get sunburned, have skin blisters/redness, or notice new or altered moles/skin lesions. 

Before undergoing surgery, notify your doctor or dentist of all medications you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal products. 

This medication should only be used during pregnancy if necessary. Discuss the potential risks and benefits with your doctor. This drug may be present in breast milk, but is unlikely to cause harm to a nursing infant. Consult your doctor before breastfeeding.